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What is retrofitting?

It is called a set of actions that After doing them, the structure has properties that it does not have before doing them.

building resistance in civil engineering means raising the resistance of a building which is mostly used against the quake .

Methods of strengthening of buildings :

Reinforcement of buildings is done in different ways. Now we will deal with each of them separately :

1.Concrete and steel jacket method :

This method is one of the oldest and most common methods of building resistance from ancient times to the present which are widely used. In this method, various elements such as beams , columns and walls are reinforced without adding weight to the building. We use steel and concrete jackets to strengthen the damaged parts of the elements and local bending and shear reinforcements. the common method to implement this technique and create a fence is connecting the surrounding metal plates with bolts .

The advantages of reinforcing buildings with concrete and steel jacket method are :

1.Increase the shear and flexural capacity of the elements

2.low cost of this method compared to other methods

3.Possibility to be used in any part of the building and building elements

Disadvantages of reinforcing buildings with concrete and steel jacket method are :

1.This method is time consuming compared to other methods

2.Need to use anti - fire covers

3.Change the dimensions of the elements and architectural spaces of the building

2.Method of addition of steel bars and shear walls :

The main task of braces and shear walls is to eliminate the force on the building from the earthquake. today , new buildings to be built Must use shear walls But in older buildings, they do not have shear walls.Shear walls have two types of concrete and steel.this type of steel does not have many dimensions unlike concrete type does not create restrictions on the building architecture. One of the most common methods of seismic reinforcement and reinforcement of buildings is the use of steel braces Which has advantages such as reduced structural drift.

Advantages of reinforcement by adding steel brace and shear wall :

1. Increase the architectural constraints in the building

2.Increasing the weight of the building

3.Increase structural load

Disadvantages of reinforcement by adding steel brace and shear wall :

1.increasing the architectural restrictions in the building

2.increase building weight

3.Shear concrete walls usually have intricate reinforcement details.

4.Relocate the center of gravity of the building

5.Steel braces usually have details of complex connections

3. Wall reinforcement method using FRCM composite :

Concrete spraying or shotcrete is one of the effective methods in strengthening buildings. this method is used in building concrete and concrete structures . Another method called FRCM fiber reinforced cement matrices is used, which is almost similar to the shotcrete method. In the FRCM method, the FRP rebar network is first placed on a wall that has already been executed. And after placing them and restraining the rebars, the concrete spraying operation is performed with a shotcrete machine or the same concrete spraying machine.

4.Retraction and pre-tensioning reinforcement method :

Stretching means applying stresses to the load-bearing element before applying loads that the element is supposed to withstand during its lifetime. These loads usually include dead and live loads and lateral loads such as loads and earthquakes.In this method, by using tension induction in prestressing cables, the internal forces of the load are distributed and the active load-bearing capacity of the member is immediately increased, and as a result, the beam is strengthened.

Advantages of prestressing method :

1.Increasing the durability of the concrete

2.Minimize the effects of cracks in reinforced concrete structures

3.Reduce the weight of the structure due to the use of smaller sections

4.flexibility in architecture

Disadvantages of prestressing method :

1.requires very high accuracy

2.the need for skilled and skilled workers

3.Need for special equipment and machines

4.Relatively more complex design

5.Reinforcement using seismic isolators and dampers :

damping is one of the properties of all materials .The damping of a substance depends on the sex of that substance. and different materials have different materials . Since dampers are bracing systems, they are used in most buildings and bridges. Dampers do not withstand the heavy loads of the building. and when it comes to the vibrations caused by the earthquake. Utilization of dampers is one of the new methods of retrofitting the retrofitting of buildings. In this way, the dampers eliminate the energy from the earthquake as much as possible. Another new method of seismic improvement of buildings is the use of seismic separators. In this method, seismic isolators prevent the transmission and arrival of ground vibrations, which are caused by earthquakes, to the building.

6.Reinforcement by epoxy injection method to concrete members :

When a part of the structural members is not designed and executed according to the defined criteria and also the concrete test shows a weakness in the strength of concrete, we perform epoxy packing and injection.

when part of the structure is not designed and implemented correctly according to defined criteria As well as our concrete test to show weakness in concrete strength, we do epoxy packing and injection.

What is epoxy?

Epoxy resin is a chemical substance that consists of two parts of resin and hardener (hardener) that these two materials must be combined in certain proportions.

How is reinforcement done by epoxy injection?

Epoxy injection retrofitting has the following steps :

1.Identify the area that needs repair and resistance.

2.Working hole

3.Install nipple and packer

4.Installing FRP fibers

5.Operation of the epoxy resin injection operation

Advantages of epoxy injection reinforcement to concrete members :

1.The bond created due to the stronger injection of concrete

2.very good performance at dry surfaces

3.It is always possible to inject on many internal and external surfaces